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How Does Surface Tension Relate to Viscosity?

Posted by

Art Gatenby on Jan 17, 2011 9:58:00 PM

You may recall that I promised to offer my interpretation as to how Surface Tension is related to Viscosity.

To begin with, liquid surface tension and viscosity share a common trait: they both involve properties of fluids. After that, things start to get murky.

Let us start with surface tension. This relates Surface Tension - FloatingPaper Cilpto the property of a liquid’s surface that resists force; it serves as a barrier to foreign materials as well as keeping the liquid together. This ever-present property is caused by unbalanced forces on surface molecules that pull toward the main part of the liquid.

Viscosity, on the other hand, is related toviscosity shear rate a liquid’s resistance to being deformed or moved. This is caused by the friction between molecules.

Compared to viscosity, surface tension is a simpler phenomenon. It is basically stable, changed mostly by temperature and chemicals that modify the bonding characteristics of the molecules. As temperature decreases, surface tension increases. The effects of adding an unrelated substance is illustrated by the example of putting soap (a surfactant) in water to reduce the surface tension, which allows the dirt on your hands to more easily mix with the water.

Regarding viscosity, knowing the type of liquid is essential. For example, there are Newtonian fluids that react to forces (sometimes called shear rate) that move the liquid (sometimes called shear stress) in a straight-forward, linear manner.

However, non-Newtonian fluids follow different sets of rules. Shear-thinning fluids decrease in viscosity as the Ketchuppressure or force increases. Thixotropic fluids change viscosity over time -- Example gels and colloids, and yes ketchup are stable at rest, but become fluid when agitated.

Thus we see that finding the true value of viscosity [which some of us may think of as simply thickness] is a complex process. Viscosity, unlikeViscosity Thick to Thin surface tension [which tends to be a static phenomenon], is all about movement. All that should concern us in regard to measuring surface tension is whether to use a Wilhelmy Plate or a duNouy Ring. (That is enough to keep me entertained.)

The last question, which perhaps should have been the first, is about the correlation between surface tension and viscosity. You would think that thick fluids would translate to a high surface tension and that thin fluids would produce lower surface tension. Not true. In fact, my research has shown that there is no conclusive correlation.

This got into a lot more theoretical entanglement than I expected when I first considered taking on what seemed like a international Nosimple comparison. The answer, however, is clear: no correlation. The reasons are not so simple. I guess a good summary would be that surface tension is about steady state and viscosity is about movement.

Until next time, I remain as confused as ever.

Art

 

Newtonian vs.  Non-Newtonian  Fluids

 

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Did you like this post? Learn More about Surface Tension and Viscosity:

Viscosity, Consistency and Surface Tension - What are These Things?

By Art Gatenby

 

Topics: Wilhelmy Plates, Viscosity, duNouy Rings, Tensiometer, Surface Tension Measurement, Surface Tension, Interfacial Tensiometer, Liquid Properties

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